Showing posts with label Interviewprep. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Interviewprep. Show all posts

Wednesday, 2 September 2015

Lifestyle of Investment Banker

17:16:00


Investment Banker Lifestyle – You must have probably heard a lot about investment banking and would have a fair idea of what an investment banker does and also wish to be one. But how well do you understand the investment banker lifestyle? Wouldn’t it be great if you have a clear picture about what your life will be as an investment banker so you are well prepared to make that as your career? That’s where this article would guide you.
An Investment banker life is considered to have long working hours, working on weekends, lot of hard work and little sleep. Let’s have a closer look at it. This write up on investment banker life will help you know the following

Why become an Investment bankers?


I would not be wrong to say that the candidates today are quite mesmerized by the image of an investment banker. The image here I am referring to is the one, where we see even young investment bankers dropping out of quite expensive cars wearing polished suits. Seldom do people realize that such investment bankers put in a lot of hard work, working under stress situations and round the clock for months.

Earn lot of money

There is no doubt about this particular reason being the biggest motivating factor for people to get into investment banking.
The salaries and bonuses one could earn are extremely luring which would get you in his career and motivates you to stay in. The fat salary and the bonuses which could go up to three to five time the salary makes up for all the hard work you put in.
There are a few career options which give opportunities to earn money as investment banking does. Having said so if we have to compare it with entrepreneurship it could be on similar lines. But again the risks involved are greater than working as an investment banker. Hence, investment banking can be a safe bet when it comes to compensation. Especially considering the amount of bonus an investment banker gets for the slogging is quite worth it.

The lifestyle

Many a times it is the lifestyle this job affords that some get attracted towards. With high salaries, you could very well have enough money to visit luxury hotels in exotic islands, gobble on some fine food and wine. Several people enjoy being able to live a rich person’s routine life such as attending art exhibitions, hang out and spend time with the fat cats.

Status symbol

Being an Investment Banker, you are attached with a tag of being a financial wizard and a symbol of financial success. This tag brings in a lot of prestige and gathers a lot of attention when anything in finance is discussed. Your opinion on investments, loans, and mortgages will become important to all your near and dear ones.

Passion for finance

There are some people who are motivated to get into the field of finance from a young age. They have a sharp sense of finance, who have analytical mind from the start and are the ones that can digest information quickly. Such usually get into investment banking as soon as they complete their financial degrees in the university.

Higher Expectations

What I am referring here is a kind of background and surrounding they come from which urge people to get into investment banking. Most of their family members and friends belong to hedge funds, investment banking and hence are motivated to follow suit.

Career foundation skills

Getting into investment banking gives you loads of opportunities hone your PowerPoint presentation, communication and Excel skills. There are other skills that you learn would teach you how to work and survive in this difficult and challenging industry. Also, you get to add quite a few impressive points in the resume. Many people become investment bankers to get the most out of this profession, learn as much as possible and leave before it’s too late. An exit from investment banking may open up new doors for you in finance careers such as private equity, venture capital, and hedge funds.

Intelligent People

Another attraction for people to get into investment banking is that you get to work with some intelligent minds who have sharp brains and are driven individuals to prove their financial abilities.
Learning is intense and you get to work with some of the brightest and most demanding people on Wall Street. You would be exposed to top business leaders and know how they think, how they create strategies and the thought processes behind their decisions.

Investment Banker Lifestyle


Truly speaking there is no “typical day” for an investment banker as your tasks will vary every day. You can be expected to prepare financial models (project how much will the company grow in the next 85 years), preparing pitch books (why you should sell your company to ABC Corp. at $20/share), working on deal memorandum and everything else that goes into a deal.
Have a look at the below infographics on Investment Banker Lifestyle
Investment Banker Lifestyle

Myths and Facts of investment banking


Myth #1: Investment Banking is a very dazzling industry, and my work will be full of handing demanding transactions and deals.
Truth: Don’t expect this to be the true especially at the analyst or associate level. The tasks would be the ones that come down from the senior managers and would be basic grunt work. Although, it does pay back when you handle much more meaningful position in the company, higher up the ladder.
Myth #2: The job gets better with time and position. 
Analysts spend quite a lot of time in getting control of the life in investment banking w.r.t the long hours and random work assigned by the seniors. With this, they gain experience and as time goes they are assisted by various other interns and fresh recruits who share the work responsibility.
Truth: It is not simple as it may seem. You need to spend some time to figure out who would be the best to assign a specific work. Also, you would be responsible for the work they perform and involves risk.
Myth #3: Investment Banking is not as hectic as people fuss about.
Truth: Strength of mind and character and competition are vital elements to Investment banking. And competition exists because there are losers and people in investment banking are resolute to make you one. The politics and competitive scenario is not everyone’s cup of tea and you need to very well survive, pour in your sweat and tears if you want to earn that heavy salary.
Myth #4: Advanced Mathematics skill is a must
Truth: Majority of the stuff you do in investment banking is going to be simple in terms of the mathematical skills you use. Being an analyst or even as an associate you would be spending most of the time in administrative kind of work.  Even in case you fall into some technical group you would spending time on qualitative tasks rather than number crunching.
Myth #5: Investment banking is only for males
Truth: this cannot be regarded as a complete myth  as Investment banking has been male dominated.  The ratio is such that on an average there is around 1 in a 4 female investment banker and accepting the fact that this is substantial enough the gender discrepancy is decreasing day by day. It gives us enough positive sign that things are going to change for the better.

The Downsides of an investment banker’s life


Long working hours

  • If you are someone who wants to work in regular office hours and have a social life a career in investment banking is not for you. Want to know why?
  • At bulge bracket banks, you would find the analysts working for more than 100 hours a week. The day would start might be at 10.00 am or even earlier and end at 2.00am and weekends could not be an exception.
  • When working on the big deals and during the beginning stages of it, it is not at all uncommon for the analysts to be up all night and get through the work.
  • It could be comparatively better at the Associates level, where the average number of working hours could range from say 80-90 hours per week, from 9.00 am to 11.00 pm and working either of the day on weekends.
  • When it goes higher up the chain at a Vice President level the hours would improve. VP’s, if at they have to work on weekends or late nights, can do it from home.
  • Managing Directors have a significantly better work schedule when they do not travel they could report at 7.00 am and leave by 6.00 pm. However, MD’s have a lot of traveling to do perhaps 3 out of every 5 days on average, where they need to do a lot of marketing and pitching.
  • It is also possible that sometimes Analysts and Associates could go out for pitching and sometimes would be spent in office. Having said this lifestyle and the working hours vary across bulge bracket banks and could be better.
  • Many experienced in this industry would say that more than the number of working hours, it is because of the unpredictability of the working hours which makes it erratic. You do not have any control over your social life and will have to sacrifice lot of your personal time.

Unpredictable nature of work

  • The work is not constant and would vary and would be expected to work on the pitch books, prepare financial models, putting across the deal memorandum etc.
  • In the morning, you would find for yourself a fresh stock of work required to be done on the marketing pitch book or live deal work.
  • The higher ups get to office early and check on the last night’s work that you left. But you would receive the comments and review on the work much later on the evening which you would have to finalize before you leave for the day and your VP gets into the office in morning.
  • The work gets hectic only after lunch as you get the list of works to be done through the day. Time would be majorly spent on going through the pitch books, creating deal models, working on numerous transaction alternatives.
  • Through this, the work majorly is done on spreadsheet software like the Excel and presenting your models effectively in a power point presentation.

Stress

  • As a result of the above two downsides we discussed comes STRESS. Also, investment bankers deal with huge amount of money and there are a lot of expectations from them to convert deals into profit.
  • These conditions lead to pressure to perform and many a times it is observed bankers get wound up with insomnia, eating disorders, alcoholism, and other health issues.
  • There is always urgency to the task assigned to you, it’s not a day or two limited urgencies but more of a day-by-day urgency.
  • You could also receive phone calls in the middle of good night sleep in case you are handling certain foreign accounts.

No leniency for errors

As an investment banking analyst, you would be expected to learn your job quickly and perform to a very high standard. You would have to ensure the responsibilities are completed on time paying close attention to detail as there would be no room for mistakes.

Work pressure

As we already saw that as investment bankers you would be working with many strong and bright minded personalities. But with this upside comes lot of pressure to perform as you would be compared to your colleagues and will have to outperform them if you need to go up the ladder. You will find that you could make very few friends as this industry itself is deeply competitive and people are hungry for profits and higher bonuses for themselves.

Performing not so important tasks

Although it is true that analysts can be given lot of responsibilities early on in their careers they will every so often be expected to work on tasks which are not that desirable such as copy pasting, photocopying, book meeting rooms etc.

When to quit investment banking?


You may be wondering why we are discussing this topic here in Investment banker life. But believe me once you are into investment banking this question is going to pose in front of you some or the other day and for some every day.
Investment bankers do consider leaving their jobs for various reasons which you could have already learnt from the above discussions in the article. Although there is nothing wrong in quitting what matters is quitting graciously at the right time for the right reason.
So when should you quit Investment banking? It would be very wrong to decide when would be the correct time to call it a quit. It is an individualistic decision which should be taken after considering a few important points;

Quit because you are having bad day at work?

No, never quit because of this reason. You will have plenty of those in investment banking. It is very normal to have a bad day when your decisions fail or you somehow do not deliver up to the expectations. It is better to learn from such situations give it some time and see if there is an improvement. If it doesn’t then go for it!

Do you see yourself as an investment banker for the rest of your life?

Let’s consider a situation that you have spent approximately 2 years in this profession. Observing the Managing Directors at your firm (who make millions, delegate the work and leave the office at 6pm) and think that you want to be that person then this is one indication that perhaps you would want to continue as a banker.

Have you spent enough time to exit investment banking?

You need to make yourself marketable enough before you decide to quit investment banking. It is hence always recommended that you must finish at least two years before you quit. It is better to gain anywhere between 2 and 5 years’ experience as anything less than 2 would be tagged ‘lack of experience’ and more than 5 as ‘too experienced’.

Does quitting mean you are failing?

You might feel as a banker that you have urge to quit because you are unable to handle the job well.  And you continue working hard day in day out but never satisfied. Don’t think that you have failed when you decide to quit. You have learnt a great deal in the times you have survived and it is more like working out what you want to do with your life rather than continuing something which you don’t believe in.

Money is no longer a motivation

We know that you would be paid really well as an investment banker. But there could be a point where you realize that money no longer motivates you to stay as an investment banker especially if you are not enjoying the kind of work you are doing. You could consider a quit if you think you can earn something less but take up a job which is not as demanding as investment banking.
It is always better to think what is important to you and what you wish to do ahead that will decide your decision to move on with something else but investment banking. Ensure you have planned what next? Once you have decided to call it quits.

Conclusion


We can say that investment banking is an industry which can provides loads of opportunities to learn, but you will have to find ways to survive with all that we have discussed. You would surely earn enough but discovering time to spend it is the hard part. The life as an investment banker is going to be hectic but those who wish to live through dedication, competition, risks and perform well then investment banking is the right choice for them.
Hope this article provided you with necessary insights of an Investment Banker’s life.
by 

Thursday, 9 July 2015

Job Interview - What is your expected Compensation [CTC] for this role?

00:21:00
After having worked for Central Research and Development Company [CRDC] for over FOUR years, Natasha Suri wants to explore challenging job responsibilities. She has been working with CRDC as Assistant Manager – Marketing and her total work experience is over seven years. One of her interview was with Market Analysis India Private Ltd. [MAIPL]. She has cleared her technical interview. Her pre-hire assessment report shows that she is a right fit for the role and now she is in the final interview to discuss about joining dates, location of work, etc.
“Natasha, Congratulations for reaching this far in the selection process”, said the HR Head.
“Thank you, Sir”, responded Natasha.
“So Natasha, please tell me about your compensation”, asked HR Head.
“Sir, my current compensation is 800,000 INR per year. I am also eligible for annual performance bonus which is equivalent to 20% of my compensation. Company is providing free health insurance for me and my family with insurance cover of 400,000 INR. We have free cafeteria wherein we can go any number of times and eat or drink anything available in cafeteria. Company is also giving us retirement benefits such as Provident Fund, Gratuity, etc.”, explained Natasha.
“What are your expectations from this role in terms of compensation and benefits?”, further inquired HR Head.
This question made Natasha smile sarcastically. Probably, she noticed something funny or nonsensical in this question.
She replied, “Sir, I am expecting my compensation to be 5,000,000 INR. I am also expecting yearly bonus of 100% of my compensation, however, it should not be linked with my performance. I need health insurance for life for me and my entire family. I am expecting”; before she could complete, HR Head interrupted, what nonsense are you talking about?
“Am I talking nonsense? Who started this? You asked me my expectations and I am listing them”, Natasha replied furiously.
All of us have been through similar type of situation, at least once in our career and many of us have been through this several times. Asking right question at right time is very critical.
Whenever we hire, we allocate budget for that role and position. Hence, asking a candidate for his or her expectations of compensation and benefits is a kind of silly question. It is unnecessary.
Hence, when you know what compensation and benefits the candidate is currently getting and you know your budget for the role and you know the benefits offered by your company plus you know that the candidate is right fit for the role; hence, the best thing to do is to spell out your offer. Hence, in this case, HR Head should have listed what the company is going to offer to Natasha, of course, with a margin for negotiation. If she will like the offer in comparison to what is currently getting, she will accept or else she will reject.
What do you think? Why do companies ask candidates to list down their expectations of compensation and benefits? Can they meet those expectations? What if the candidate is willing to come for lesser than his or her current salary? When you offer to candidates based on their current compensation and benefits and not as per your budget and company policies then you are likely to unsettle internal equity, which will result in employee dissatisfaction and ultimate attrition.
Do you think HR Head could have handled this situation differently?
Composed By: Sanjeev Himachali

Sunday, 5 July 2015

Some Regulations You Must know which Regulates Financial Instruments

22:37:00


Which regulation regulates the foreign exchange market?
The Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) is an Indian law which regulates the activities related to foreign exchange. The main objective of the law is to facilitate external trade and payments and for promoting the orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.
What are the regulatory notifications related to derivatives?
Foreign Exchange Derivative Contracts are governed by FEMA Notification No. FEMA 25/RB-2000 dated May 3, 2000 and subsequent amendments thereto. The Master Circular titled“Risk Management and Inter-bank dealing” consolidates the existing instructions on the derivatives at one place. Besides, in April 2007 RBI had issued “Comprehensive Guidelines on Derivatives” which got amended on November 2, 2011. The exchange traded currency derivatives are jointly governed by SEBI and RBI.
Who can transact in currency derivatives in India?
A person resident in India (as defined in FEMA) can transact in OTC forex market on declaration of the underlying exposure (contractual and probable). While transacting on exchange traded currency derivative instruments, any such declaration is not required. However, there are pre-set limits for transacting in currency derivatives.
What are the regulatory requirements for companies to transact in OTC forex derivatives?
The companies need to submit the Board resolution and if required, board approved ‘Risk Management Policy’. Besides, depending upon the type of exposures (contractual and probable) quarterly and annual declaration / certificate is also requires to be submitted.
Enlist some general principles that are applicable to companies for transacting in OTC forex derivative contracts.
Following are some general guidelines to be followed while entering into OTC currency derivatives transaction:
  • declaration needs to be submitted that the exposure is unhedged and has not been hedged with another bank;
  • derived foreign exchange exposures are not permitted to be hedged;
  • the notional amount should not exceed the actual underlying exposure;
  • the tenor of the derivative contracts should not exceed the tenor of the underlying exposure;
  • only one hedging transaction can be booked against a particular exposure/ part thereof for a given time period;
What are the RBI guidelines for balances in EEFC accounts?
Currently, EEFC balances need to be converted in rupee by the end of next calendar month (i.e. maximum 60 days). Balances in the EEFC accounts can be sold forward by the account-holders provided they remain earmarked for delivery. Such contracts cannot, be cancelled.

Source- AV Rajwade (www.avrco.com)

All You Want To Know About International/ Trade Finance

22:33:00


What are the different types of international financing?
Following are the ways of availing international financing:
  • Medium to Long term:
    • External Commercial Borrowings (ECB): It is a commercial loan in the form of bank loans, buyers’ credit, suppliers’ credit, and securitized instruments.
    • Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs):A bond issued by an Indian company expressed in foreign currency, and the principal and interest in respect of which is payable in foreign currency. It is subscribed by a non-resident in foreign currency and convertible into ordinary share of issuing company.
    • Foreign Currency Exchangeable Bond (FCEB): A bond issued by an Indian company expressed in foreign currency, and the principal and interest in respect of which is payable in foreign currency. It is subscribed by a non-resident in foreign currency and convertible into ordinary share of some other company.
  • Short term:
    • Trade credits (for importers): It includes suppliers’ credit or buyers’ credit for business import.
    • Export Credit: The exporter can avail pre-shipment and/ or post shipment credit either in rupees or foreign currency.
  • What is pre-shipment finance?
    Pre-shipment finance is any loan or advance granted or any other credit provided by a bank to an exporter for financing the purchase, processing, manufacturing or packing of goods prior to shipment / working capital expenses towards rendering of services.
  • What is post -shipment finance?
    Post-shipment finance is any loan or advance granted or any other credit provided by a bank to an exporter of goods / services from India from the date of extending credit after shipment of goods / rendering of services to the date of realisation of export proceeds as per the period of realization
  • What is an EEFC A/c?
    Exchange Earners' Foreign Currency Account (EEFC) is an account maintained in foreign currency with an Authorised Dealer (i.e. a bank) dealing in foreign exchange. It is a facility provided to foreign exchange earners, so that the account holders do not have to convert foreign exchange into Rupees and vice versa.

All You Want to Know About Derivatives.!

22:30:00


What is derivative?
A Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of one or more basic variable(s), called the underlying asset. The underlying asset can be equity, foreign exchange, commodity or any other asset.
Who are the participants in the derivative market?
There are basically three types of participants.
  • Hedgers: They are the producers (like farmer, mining company) or users (business entities, consumers) who face the risk associated with the price of an asset and hence use derivative markets to reduce or eliminate this risk.
  • Speculators: They are traders who wish to bet on the future movement in the price of an asset.
  • Arbitrageurs: They are in business to take advantage of discrepancy in prices between two different markets.
What are the basic functions of the derivative market?
  • Price discovery: It helps in discovery of price of the underlying asset in future;
  • Transferability of risk: It transfers risks from those who have them but may not like them to those who have an appetite for them.
Types of Derivative Instruments
Basically, there are only two types of derivative instruments
  • Forward Contracts
  • Option Contracts
Where can one trade derivatives product?
The derivative products traded on exchanges are known as exchange traded derivatives, whereas privately negotiated derivative contracts are called Over-the-Counter (OTC) contracts. The differences between both the platforms are as follows:
Exchange TradedOTC
Terms of the contractStandardizedCustomized
Counterparty RiskNoYes
MarginYesMay or may not
Price TransparencyHighLow 


What are the different types of derivative products available in the Indian market?
The different types of derivative products available, as per RBI’s comprehensive guidelines are:
  • Forward rate agreements (FRA)
  • Interest rate swaps (IRS)
  • Interest rate futures (IRF)
  • Foreign exchange forwards
  • Currency swaps
  • Currency options
  • Interest rate caps and floors
What is a Forward rate agreement (FRA)?
A forward rate agreement (or FRA) is simply speaking, a forward contract on interest rates traded over the counter. It is typically an agreement between a bank on one hand and a borrower or depositor on the other. The party which gains from an FRA when interest rates fall is referred to as the “seller” or “lender” of the FRA. Similarly, the party which benefits when interest rates rise is called the “buyer” or the “borrower” of the FRA. The amount on which the interest (difference) is calculated is the notional principal of the FRA.
For example, if the agreed 6 month LIBOR rate under an FRA is 0.75% p.a. on a given future date and the actual rate happens to be 1% p.a., the bank (seller of FRA) will reimburse to the counterparty (buyer of FRA), the difference of 0.25% p.a. Interest is paid in arrears and therefore the difference is payable not on maturity of the FRA but at the end of the interest period beginning on that day. However, in practice, parties do not wait for the end of the interest period to exchange the difference; its present value changes hands on maturity of the FRA. An example of USD FRA quotes
TenureFRA rates
3*90.3800
9*120.4250
The first quote represents a bank selling an FRA on the 6 month LIBOR to rule after 3 months from the date of contract. If after 3 months, the 6 month LIBOR is above 0.38%, the bank will compensate the buyer of the FRA to the extent of the difference. Similarly, the second quote stands for a bank selling an FRA on the 3 month LIBOR to rule after 9 months.
What are Interest rate Futures?
An interest rate futures (IRF) contract is the exchange traded version of an FRA. One of the most popular futures contract is the 3 month Eurodollar contract. This is a contract on the 3 month LIBOR expected to rule on maturity of the contract. IRF contracts having maturities up to 10 years are quoted on the Chicago Mercantile exchange. The price of the contract is quoted as {100-rate of interest agreed}. Thus a price of 98.50 would mean an interest rate of 1.5%.
What is a derivative contract?
A “derivative” is a financial instrument whose value changes (is derived from) in response to the change in a specified interest rate, security price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate, price index, or such similar variable. These variables are called the “underlying”. While there are a number of structured derivative products in the financial markets, they are essentially a variation or combination of the two basic building blocks- namely, the Forwards and the Options. The generic derivatives, which can be used in structured products in India, as per RBI’s comprehensive guidelines are:
  • Forward rate agreements (FRA)
  • Interest rate swaps (IRS)
  • Interest rate futures (IRF)
  • Foreign exchange forwards
  • Currency swaps
  • Currency options
  • Interest rate caps and floors
What are Interest rate swaps and currency swaps?
A swap is defined as a “financial transaction in which two counterparties agree to exchange streams of payments, or cash flows, over time” on the basis agreed at the inception of the agreement. A swap is like a series of forward contracts. While the two main types of swaps are “interest rate” and “currency” swaps, equity swaps, credit swaps and commodity swaps have gained acceptance in recent years.
Under an interest rate swap, interest payment streams of differing character are periodically exchanged. There are two major types:
  • Coupon swaps – exchange of fixed rates for floating rates
  • Basis (or floating) swaps – exchange of one floating benchmark for another (eg. LIBOR for T-bill).
Under a currency and interest rate swap, the two counterparties agree to exchange interest and principal in one currency for interest and principal in another currency. These exchanges are generally done at the spot exchange rate ruling when the swap was entered into.
How is the swap market in India different from the international swap market?
One basic difference between the swap market in major currencies and the USD/INR swap market in India is that, while the cash flows are similar, the pricing is different. In the major currencies, swap prices closely follow the yields on the AAA bonds. While in India, swap prices are more a function of demand and supply rather than bond prices. Due to exchange regulations and the absence of a liquid term interbank market, the forward margins in the USD/INR do not follow the interest rate differentials. Since a swap is essentially a series of forward contracts, it also suffers from the same constraints.
The banking system in India has tried to overcome this difficulty through the introduction of an INR swap called the Mumbai Interbank Forward Offered Rate (MIFOR) swap.
What are the different swaps popular in the Indian market?
The swaps popularly used in the Indian market are
  • MIFOR swaps
    MIFOR is the sum, in percentage per annum terms, of the USD LIBOR and the forward margin on the US Dollar in the Indian forex market, both for a given maturity. This serves a proxy for raising term Rupee funds.
  • Principal Only Swaps (POS)
    Principal only swaps have become popular in recent years and in effect hedge (or create) exchange rate risk on the principal amount alone, leaving the interest payment in the original currency.
  • Coupon Only Swaps (COS)
    Coupon only swaps merely exchange interest payment in one currency (eg. INR) for interest payment in another currency (eg. USD). The principal amount remains outside the scope of the coupon only swap.
What are currency options?
An option contract is an agreement between two parties in which one party grants to the other, the right to buy (“Call option) or sell (“Put option) an asset under specified conditions and assumes the obligation to sell or buy it. A currency option is a contract where the underlying assets are currencies.
More often than not, option contracts are settled not by the sale or purchase of the asset but by the seller paying to the buyer, the difference between the market price and the agreed (Strike) price.

What are the common terms associated with option contracts?
Some of the terms commonly used in the option market are:
  • Seller (or writer) of the option: The party who has the obligation to buy/sell the underlying asset, at the agreed price and time, if the option is exercised by the buyer.
  • Buyer of the option: The party who has the right but not the obligation, to sell/buy the asset underlying the contract, at the agreed price and time.
  • Call option: It confers the right but not the obligation, to buy an asset.
  • Put option: It confers the right but not the obligation, to sell an asset.
  • Strike price: Also called ‘exercise price’, is the specified price at which the buyer of the contract can exercise his right to buy or sell the asset.
  • Option premium: Fee or price paid by the buyer of the option contract to the seller.
  • Value of an option: The market price of the option contract.
  • Money-ness of an option:This is a measure of comparison of the strike price of an option with its market price. An option with a strike price equal to the current price of the asset is an At-the-money (ATM) option. If the strike price is more favourable to the buyer of the option than the current market price, it is an In-the-money (ITM) option. Conversely, if the strike price is less favourable to the buyer than the current market price, it is an Out-of-the-money (OTM) option.

Source- AV Rajwade(www.avrco.com)

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